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The herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (tk) gene (UL23) lies upstream of thegH(UL22) gene with its 3′ end overlapping thegHpromoter, and it overlaps theUL24gene's regulatory and coding sequences at its 5′ end in a head-to-head orientation. Thus,tkexpression could affectgHexpression by promoter occlusion andUL24expression by transcriptional or posttranscriptional mechanisms. To investigate...
N-glycosylation of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein precursor (gp160) occurs by transfer of Glc 3 Man 9 GlcNAc 2 onto the nascent protein. Maturation then occurs via cleavage of the three Glc residues, which starts during translation. These events are considered necessary to create Env functional conformation: treatment with α-glucosidase...
Protein IE1 is the product of a baculovirus gene,ie1,that is activated immediately upon entrance of the viral genome into the cell nucleus. This protein was previously shown to be atrans-regulator of viral genes whose products are required for initiation of the infectious cycle including viral DNA replication. To test whether the IE1 protein is also capable oftrans-regulating nuclear genes of the...
A synthetic sialic acid,N-acetyl-9-thioacetamidoneuraminic acid (9-ThioAcNeu5Ac), is recognized by influenza C virus as a receptor determinant but—in contrast to the natural receptor determinant,N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid—is resistant to inactivation by the viral acetylesterase. This sialic acid analog was used to analyze the importance of the receptor-destroying enzyme of influenza C virus...
The HPV1 E4 gene encodes a family of abundant nonstructural late proteins whose role in the virus life cycle is unknown. Their localization to keratin filaments when expressed in cultured epithelial cells has suggested a possible involvement in virus release by disturbing the integrity of the infected cell. Here we show that in naturally occurring HPV1-induced tumors, the majority of the E4 protein...
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) mutant T1026R1 of the Indiana (IN) serotype is a good inducer of interferon (IFN). This mutant was used to study the activation of NF-κB, a transcription factor necessary for IFN induction, in mouse L929 cells that were stably transfected with a chimeric gene containing the human IFN-β gene promoter attached to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) coding sequence...
Lysolecithin permeabilization of vaccinia virus-infected cells was employed to prepare extracts that support faithful transcription initiationin vitroon plasmids possessing early, intermediate, and late viral gene promoters. Conditions which optimize transcription from each promoter were defined. Thein vitrosystem was used to investigate the multifunctional viral mRNA capping enzyme, which also functions...
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein constitutes a viral nucleocapsid and may possess multiple functions. In this study, we demonstrated the homotypic interaction and multimerization of HCV core proteinin vitroandin vivo.By using a yeast two-hybrid system, we showed that the amino-terminal hydrophilic portion (amino acids 1–115) of the core protein could interact with itself. Deletion analysis mapped...
The level of p53 is markedly increased in human cells in response to expression of the Ad12 E1A proteins and, quite separately, to the Ad12 E1B 54K protein. The behaviour of p53 in these two circumstances has been examined using A549 cells infected with Ad12dl620 (a mutant virus which does not express the larger E1B protein and is replication-defective) and human skin fibroblasts expressing the Ad12...
Mtv-2 is an endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) that is responsible for the induction of mammary gland tumors in the high mammary gland tumor-incidence strain GR. GR animals inherit four different endogenous MMTVs in addition toMtv-2:Mtv-3,Mtv-7,Mtv-8 andMtv-17. In this study we analyzed the involvement of these nonpathogenic endogenous proviruses in the mammary gland tumors caused byMtv-2...
The large delta antigen (LDAg) of hepatitis D virus (HDV), which is similar to the small delta antigen (SDAg), except it has 19 additional amino acids and an isoprenylation signal at the C-terminus, is crucial for interacting with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to form a mature virion of HDV. Previous studies indicated that the LDAg alone, but not SDAg, can interact with HBsAg to form an empty...
The RP dipeptide motif is highly conserved in the third hypervariable region (V3 loop) of the extracellular envelope glycoprotein of different types of HIV isolates. In view of this, we have designed and synthesized a construction referred to as “template assembled synthetic peptide” (TASP), in which a lysine-rich short polypeptide was used as a template to covalently anchor arrays of tripeptides,...
Specific conformational changes in the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) may be critical for eliciting a broadly neutralizing immune response against primary virus isolates. Since the interaction of gp120 with its receptor, CD4, induces conformational perturbations in both molecules, gp120-CD4 complexes should present unique immunogenic features that may...
We have studied the production and release of infectious DI-particles in vaccinia-T7-polymerase recombinant virus-infected L cells that were transfected with five different plasmids expressing the synthetic DI RNA MIDI-HD and the four structural proteins (M, N, S, and E) of the murine coronavirus MHV-A59. The DI cDNA contains the hepatitis delta ribozyme sequences to generate in the transfected cells...
Using Northern blot, primer extension, and S1 nuclease analyses of wild-type and deletion-containing herpes simplex type 1 viruses, we found thatUL24sequences are contained in six different transcripts that originate from three previously identified mRNA start sites. Thus, the sixUL24transcripts represent three different pairs of 5′ coterminal mRNAs. Each transcript pair consists of a short species...
Myxoma virus is a leporipoxvirus that causes a highly lethal virulent disease known as myxomatosis in the European rabbit. An important aspect of myxoma virus pathogenesis is the ability of the virus to productively infect lymphocytes and spread to secondary sites via lymphatic channels. We investigated the infection of the CD4 + T lymphoma cell line RL-5 with myxoma virus and Shope fibroma...
Geminiviruses have unique, twinned icosahedral particles which encapsidate circular single-stranded DNA. Their genomes are composed of either one or two DNA segments. Monopartite geminiviruses absolutely require a functional coat protein (CP) for infectivity, whereas bipartite geminivirus CP null mutants can infect plants systemically. However, we show here that a CP mutant of the bipartite tomato...
The human polyomavirus JC virus (JCV) establishes persistent, asymptomatic infections in most individuals, but in severely immunocompromised hosts it may cause the fatal demyelinating brain disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In cell culture JCV multiplies inefficiently and exhibits a narrow host range. This restricted behavior occurs, in part, at the level of DNA replication, which...
A highly conserved baculovirus late gene calledodvp-6ewas shown to be a structural protein that is specific for occlusion-derived virus (ODV) envelopes. The complete sequence of this gene is presented for bothOrgyia pseudotsugatanuclear polyhedrosis virus (OpMNPV) andCydia pomonellagranulosis virus (CpGV). The predicted sizes of the OpMNPV and CpGV ODVP-6E are 40, 241, and 38,655 respectively. The...
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